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出版说明iv
序v
Guide to Worked Examplesxi
Prefacexv
About the Authorxviii
List of Symbolsxix
CHAPTER 1
Introduction1
11Conduction Heat Transfer1
12Thermal Conductivity5
13Convection Heat Transfer10
14Radiation Heat Transfer12
15Summary13
Review Questions15
Problems15
References19
CHAPTER 2
SteadyState Conduction—
One Dimension 21
21Introduction21
22The Plane Wall21
23Insulation and R Values22
24Radial Systems23
25The Overall HeatTransfer Coefficient27
26Critical Thickness of Insulation33
27HeatSource Systems35
28Cylinder with Heat Sources37
29ConductionConvection Systems39
210Fins42
211Thermal Contact Resistance51
Review Questions54
List of Worked Examples54
Problems55
References69
CHAPTER 3
SteadyState Conduction—Multiple
Dimensions 71
31Introduction71
32Mathematical Analysis of TwoDimensional
Heat Conduction71
33The Conduction Shape Factor76
34Numerical Method of Analysis81
35GaussSeidel Iteration91
36Accuracy Considerations93
37Summary97
Review Questions98
List of Worked Examples98
Problems98
References114
CHAPTER 4
UnsteadyState Conduction117
41Introduction117
42LumpedHeatCapacity System119
43Transient Heat Flow in a SemiInfinite
Solid121
44Convection Boundary Conditions125
45Multidimensional Systems140
46Summary147
Review Questions148
List of Worked Examples148
Problems149
References169
CHAPTER 5
Principles of Convection171
51Introduction171
52Viscous Flow171
53Inviscid Flow174
54Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate178
55Energy Equation of the Boundary Layer184
56The Thermal Boundary Layer187
57The Relation Between Fluid Friction
and Heat Transfer197
58TurbulentBoundaryLayer Heat Transfer199
59TurbulentBoundaryLayer Thickness206
510Heat Transfer in Laminar Tube Flow209
511Turbulent Flow in a Tube213
512Summary215
Review Questions215
List of Worked Examples217
Problems217
References225
CHAPTER 6
Empirical and Practical Relations for
ForcedConvection Heat Transfer 227
61Introduction227
62Empirical Relations for Pipe and Tube
Flow229
63Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres243
64Flow Across Tube Banks253
65Summary258
Review Questions260
List of Worked Examples260
Problems261
References270
CHAPTER 7
Natural Convection Systems 273
71Introduction273
72FreeConvection Heat Transfer on a
Vertical Flat Plate273
73Empirical Relations for Free Convection278
74Free Convection from Vertical
Planes and Cylinders280
75Free Convection from Horizontal Cylinders286
76Free Convection from Horizontal Plates288
77Free Convection from Inclined Surfaces290
78Nonnewtonian Fluids291
79Simplified Equations for Air291
710Free Convection from Spheres292
711Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces293
712Summary299
713Summary Procedure for all
Convection Problems299
Review Questions300
List of Worked Examples302
Problems302
References312
viiiContentsContentsCHAPTER 8
Radiation Heat Transfer 317
81Introduction317
82Physical Mechanism317
83Radiation Properties319
84Radiation Shape Factor326
85Relations Between Shape Factors336
86Heat Exchange Between Nonblackbodies342
87Infinite Parallel Surfaces349
88Radiation Shields354
89Gas Radiation358
810Radiation Network for an Absorbing
and Transmitting Medium359
811Radiation Exchange with Specular
Surfaces364
812Formulation for Numerical Solution368
813Solar Radiation383
814Radiation Properties of the Environment388
815Effect of Radiation on Temperature
Measurement391
816The Radiation HeatTransfer Coefficient392
817Summary393
Review Questions394
List of Worked Examples394
Problems395
References417
CHAPTER 9
Condensation and Boiling Heat
Transfer 419
91Introduction419
92Condensation HeatTransfer Phenomena419
93The Condensation Number424
94Film Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes425
95Boiling Heat Transfer428
96Simplified Relations for Boiling
Heat Transfer with Water439
97The Heat Pipe441
Review Questions443
List of Worked Examples443
Problems443
References448
CHAPTER 10
Heat Exchangers 451
101Introduction451
102The Overall HeatTransfer Coefficient451
103Fouling Factors457
104Types of Heat Exchangers458
105The Log Mean Temperature Difference461
106EffectivenessNTU Method470
107Compact Heat Exchangers481
108HeatExchanger Design Considerations485
Review Questions485
List of Worked Examples485
Problems486
References502
APPENDIX A
Tables 505
A1The Error Function505
A2Property Values for Metals506
A3Properties of Nonmetals509
A4Properties of Saturated Liquids512
A5Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure514
A6Properties of Gases at Atmospheric
Pressure515
A7Physical Properties of Some
Common LowMeltingPoint Metals517
A8Diffusion Coefficients of Gases and Vapors
in Air at 25℃ and 1 atm517
A9Properties of Water (Saturated Liquid)518
A10Normal Total Emissivity of Various
Surfaces519
A11SteelPipe Dimensions521
A12Conversion Factors522ixGUIDE TO WORKED EXAMPLES
CHAPTER 2
SteadyState Conduction—One Dimension 21
21Multilayer Conduction25
22Multilayer Cylindrical System26
23Heat Transfer Through a Composite Wall30
24Cooling Cost Savings with Extra Insulation32
25Overall HeatTransfer Coefficient for a Tube33
26Critical Insulation Thickness34
27Heat Source with Convection38
28Influence of Thermal Conductivity
on Fin Temperature Profiles47
29Straight Aluminum Fin49
210Circumferential Aluminum Fin49
211Rod with Heat Sources50
212Influence of Contact Conductance on
Heat Transfer54
CHAPTER 3
SteadyState Conduction—Multiple
Dimensions 71
31Buried Pipe80
32Cubical Furnace80
33Buried Disk80
34Buried Parallel Disks81
35NineNode Problem86
36GaussSeidel Calculation94
37Numerical Formulation with Heat
Generation95
CHAPTER 4
UnsteadyState Conduction 117
41Steel Ball Cooling in Air121
42SemiInfinite Solid with Sudden
Change in Surface Conditions124
43Pulsed Energy at Surface of
SemiInfinite Solid124
44Heat Removal from SemiInfinite Solid125
45Sudden Exposure of SemiInfinite Slab
to Convection137
46Aluminum Plate Suddenly Exposed
to Convection138
47Long Cylinder Suddenly Exposed to Convection139
48SemiInfinite Cylinder Suddenly Exposed
to Convection143
49FiniteLength Cylinder Suddenly
Exposed to Convection144
410Heat Loss for FiniteLength Cylinder145
411Sudden Cooling of a Rod146
CHAPTER 5
Principles of Convection 171
51Water Flow in a Diffuser176
52Isentropic Expansion of Air177
53Mass Flow and BoundaryLayer Thickness183
54Isothermal Flat Plate Heated Over
Entire Length193
55Flat Plate with Constant Heat Flux194
56Plate with Unheated Starting Length195
57Oil Flow Over Heated Flat Plate196
58Drag Force on a Flat Plate198
59Turbulent Heat Transfer from
Isothermal Flat Plate205
510TurbulentBoundaryLayer Thickness207
CHAPTER 6
Empirical and Practical Relations
for ForcedConvection Heat Transfer 227
61Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Tube237
62Heating of Water in Laminar Tube Flow238
63Heating of Air in Laminar Tube Flow for
Constant Heat Flux239
64Heating of Air with Isothermal Tube Wall240
65Heat Transfer in a Rough Tube241
66Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Short Tube242
67Airflow Across Isothermal Cylinder250
68Heat Transfer from Electrically Heated
Wire251
69Heat Transfer from Sphere252
610Heating of Air with InLine Tube Bank256
611Alternate Calculation Method258
xiiCHAPTER 7
Natural Convection Systems 273
Guide to Worked ExamplesGuide to Worked Examples71Constant Heat Flux from Vertical Plate284
72Heat Transfer from Isothermal Vertical
Plate285
73Heat Transfer from Horizontal Tube in
Water286
74Heat Transfer from Fine Wire in Air287
75Heated Horizontal Pipe in Air287
76Cube Cooling in Air289
77Calculation with Simplified Relations292
78Heat Transfer Across Vertical Air Gap297
79Heat Transfer Across Horizontal Air Gap298
CHAPTER 8
Radiation Heat Transfer 317
81Transmission and Absorption in a
Glass Plate326
82Heat Transfer Between Black Surfaces335
83ShapeFactor Algebra for Open Ends of
Cylinders339
84ShapeFactor Algebra for Truncated Cone340
85ShapeFactor Algebra for Cylindrical
Reflector341
86Hot Plates Enclosed by a Room346
87Surface in Radiant Balance348
88Open Hemisphere in Large Room351
89Effective Emissivity of Finned Surface353
810HeatTransfer Reduction with
ParallelPlate Shield356
811Open Cylindrical Shield in Large Room356
812Network for Gas Radiation Between
Parallel Plates363
813Numerical Solution for Enclosure372
814Numerical Solutions for Parallel Plates373
815Radiation from a Hole with Variable Radiosity375
816Heater with Constant Heat Flux and
Surrounding Shields378
817Numerical Solution for Combined Convection
and Radiation (Nonlinear System)381
818SolarEnvironment Equilibirium
Temperatures385
819Influence of Convection on Solar Equilibrium
Temperatures386
820A FlatPlate Solar Collector387
821Temperature Measurement Error Caused by
Radiation392
CHAPTER 9
Condensation and Boiling Heat
Transfer 419
91Condensation on Vertical Plate426
92Condensation on Tube Bank427
93Boiling on Brass Plate435
94Flow Boiling440
95Water Boiling in a Pan440
96HeatFlux Comparisons443
CHAPTER 10
Heat Exchangers 451
101Overall HeatTransfer Coefficient for
Pipe in Air453
102Overall HeatTransfer Coefficient for Pipe
Exposed to Steam455
103Influence of Fouling Factor457
104Calculation of HeatExchanger Size from
Known Temperatures466
105ShellandTube Heat Exchanger467
106Design of ShellandTube Heat Exchanger467
107CrossFlow Exchanger with One Fluid
Mixed469
108Effects of OffDesign Flow Rates
for Exchanger in Example 107469
109OffDesign Calculation of Exchanger in
Example 104477
1010ShellandTube Exchanger as Air Heater478
1011Ammonia Condenser479
1012CrossFlow Exchanger as Energy
Conversion Device479
1013HeatTransfer Coefficient in Compact
Exchanger484
xiiixviPrefacePrefacexviixxList of SymbolsList of Symbolsxxixxii